Art & Mycology Field Workshop – Chris Adams
Artist Talk: Restor(y)ing Through Mycocultural Art Practices – Kaitlin Bryson
Ayurvedic Living – Monica Mena
Body Temple Dance – Monica Mena
Breath Work – Nate Loker
Brigid, the Amanita Icon: A Mycological Assessment of the Celtic Fertility Goddess – Peter McCoy
Brown Bottle Mushroom Farm Tour – Anna Wilson-Falk
Designing Fungal-Plant Polycultures From the Wild – Charles Bruder
Exploring the Use of Amanita muscaria for Effective Pain Relief – Courtney Tyler
Ferment Your Way to Flavor! – Jordan Gaertner
Fly Agaric as Medicine: From Traditional to Modern Use – Kevin Feeney
Forest Balm: Harness the Power of Bees, Trees, Lichen and Fungi – Courtney Tyler
Foraging for Color – Seri Robinson
From “Poison” to Sacrament: Spiritual and Therapeutic Use of Amanita muscaria in the 21st Century – Kevin Feeney
From Toxic Waste to Bio-Fertilizers: Closing the Loop with Mycotechnology – Thaer Tafesh
Global Perspectives on Medicinal Mushrooms: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and Ethnomycology – Jasmine Zenderland
Growing Mushrooms Out of Gourds – Charles Bruder
Healing with Fungi – Christopher Hobbs
Integrating Myco Solutions Into Ag Systems – Raskal Turbeville
Intro to Cordyceps Cultivation – Dalton Albin
Intro to Mycroscopy – Peter McCoy
Intro to Fungal Breeding – Tattum Sutton
Jerkies, Balms, Pickles and Unguents – Courtney Tyler
Kaua'i Fungal Biodiversity Survey – Graham Steinruck
Myco Yoga & Myco Spagyric Sound Journey – Kevin Blue
Permaculture Canada – Lindsay Brandon
Potion Preparation 101: Preparing Medicinal Mushrooms – Jason Scott
Prepare and Preserve How to Use and Store your Fungal Finds – Dalton Albin
Recomposing Life – Anna Wilson-Falk
Science, Song, Dance, and Post-Fire Mycoremediation – Alisa Wilson and Monica Neff
Shared Waters: A (Fungal) Ecology Panel – Various
Shiitake Log Wood Cultivation in Japan and its Future – Shunsuke Hirose
Sprouting Spore Morning Yoga Flow – Dalton Albin
The 4th Phase of Water – Gerald Pollack
The Ancient Art and Modern Science of Spalting – Seri Robinson
The Exciting Connection between Mushroom Intake and the Microbiome to Benefit Immunity, Cognition, and Mood – Christopher Hobbs
The Home for Mycology Panel – Various
The Medicinal Virtue of Conks – Jason Scott
The Mysteries of Mycology: Cold Fire of Eternal Lineages – Peter McCoy
The Power of Fungi to Transform a $300 Million Market – Thaer Tafesh
The Unseen World of Microbial Ecology – Raskal Turbeville
Turning Spalted Wood – Seri Robinson
Uncovering the Tree: FUNDIS' Work Studying Unknown Mushrooms of North America – Andrew Claassen

Learn about one artist’s process, the overlap between scientific specimen collection & artistic observation, and some basic photo reference tips for remembering morphological traits & environmental cohorts. There will also be some time – either in the woods or under cover, weather permitting – to work on and discuss basic ink and graphite drawing techniques for achieving varying creative goals.

You will receive a “How to Draw a Mushroom” info sheet with some tips & associated nonsense and some basic tools will be available, but please bring your favorite media and some blank paper so we can make the most out of our forest time.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Art, Ethnomycology, Identification

This talk outlines Bryson’s current approaches in environmental art, and community practice. Rooted in concepts of restor(y)ing and ecosystem regeneration through feminist/queer science, the lecture advocates for transdisciplinary approaches to ecological repair that are always relational, interconnected, multi-temporal, and ecocultural. Through a discussion of her theoretical framework (fungal ontologies) exemplified in discussion of 3-4 projects, she will address how art, mycology, ecology, and regenerative actions support cultures of care and cultures of change. In addition, Bryson will interrogate issues, complexities, and ethics inherent within mycocultural work through discussion/Q&A with participants.

Intermediate | Art, Ethnomycology, Mycoremediation

In this workshop I will explain the principles of Ayurvedic medicine and simple ways to incorporate them into our lives, starting with the 3 doshas: Vata, Pitta and Kapha, the Ayurvedic clock, how to adapt your lifestyle with the seasons and so on.

Beginner | Medicinal Fungi

The practice starts with some breath work either sitting down or laying down. We breathe for a few minutes and them move on to some light stretching, once we are on our feet we began to shake the body in whatever way people feel called to do. Everything is guided through prompts for example, stomp, growl, lead with your head, lead with your hands, get closer to the earth, move faster, etc. after that sometimes there will be partner work for 1-2 minutes of mirroring or witnessing each other's dance moves, whatever naturally arises in the moment. To close, we connect with our hearts and our bodies, inhale and exhale together. After this people should feel lighter emotionally, often more joyful, and overall more grounded in their bodies.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Embodiment

I will guide people through an activating Breathwork session to balance the nervous system.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Embodiment

As one of the ancient Irish Druid’s most revered deities, the Goddess Brigid embodies an array of attributes that not only made her cultural influence vast, but which also frame her as a Western parallel to various Eastern Earth Mother Goddesses. Though many of these latter goddesses have been reviewed in recent decades for their potential relationship to the Fly Agaric, Amanita muscaria, Brigid has been overlooked for her reflections in this important mushroom. In this talk, Peter will review the essential traits of this great deity and how they suggest an occulted reverence amongst the ancient Celts for the iconic red-and-white Amanita.

Beginner | Ethnomycology

Brown Bottle Farm started a small-scale indoor mushroom grow winter of 2023, however, they’ve incorporated fungi into many systems on the farm. In this guided tour we’ll start by walking through the different elements of our gourmet mushroom grow. You’ll see step by step how we cultivate over 150 pounds of fresh mushrooms every week.

Places the tour takes you:

• Our Ultra Pasteurization tank, its mechanics, and the positives and negatives of our system.

• The laboratory will be open and we’ll talk about the tools and techniques used in a clean environment. You’ll be able to look at different types of mycelium and see their differences.

• Incubation room where mycelium grows and flourishes, what the space requires and what you’re looking for before fruiting your blocks.

• The Fruiting room, where you’ll see the actual mushrooms growing. Our lighting, heating, cooling, and humidifying systems. What you need, what you don’t.

We’ll also discuss outdoor methods of cultivation, and show you those areas. This will include how we inoculate garden walkways, and some basic log inoculation. We’ll be answering questions, exploring systems, talking about the life cycle of cultivated fungi, and help you understand how to grow them for yourself!

If there's an interest and time, we will discuss the cost of a small scale mushroom start up, and the process of selling mushrooms. How did we get our foot in the door of restaurants, grocery stores, farmers markets and our collaborative relationships with other businesses that enable us to be a small farm with minimal labor and cost. What the challenges have been and the realities of running a farm. Questions are welcome throughout the tour!

Beginner | Cultivation, Food

Workshop will cover low-tek spawn production, such as cardboard spawn. The workshop will then feature a talk about how to design a space to maximize yields from a given area using a diverse range of fungi and plants

Intermediate | Biology, Cultivation, Ecology, Identification, Soil

Safely work with Amanita muscaria as a topical remedy for pain relief and more. We will make a safe and effective tincture together. We will also learn how to make a beautiful and potent healing salve as well and learn about the ways to use this mushroom for healing from many kinds of pain.

Courtney has been studying, eating, working with and teaching about Fly Agaric for many years now. She has loads of testimonials and astonishing feedback about the myriad of ways that this stunning fungus can offer us pain relief and more, bordering on the magical!

Beginner | Medicinal Fungi

This class is an introductory course to those new to culinary fermentation. We will explore different methods from around the world as well as learn some of the fungal and bacterial processes that take place in developing fermented foods. This class will provide hands-on experience with lacto-fermentation using vegetables from the farm on site. I will share with you the most helpful tips and tricks I’ve learned over many years of home fermentation. You will take home a jar of your own creation to continue to care for and ferment over the next days. After taking this class you’ll most definitely walk away more confident in your ability to create simple ferments at home that will elevate your culinary game as well as your quality of life.

Beginner | Food

The Fly Agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) is best known for its striking bespeckled crimson cap and its frequent depiction in fairy-tales and children’s books. In psychedelic circles it is recognized for its hallucinatory effect, but for a variety of reasons has come to be viewed as a 2nd-tier substance, a mere curiosity among more esteemed plant and fungal allies. While psychedelic researchers are busy investigating psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD, the unique pharmacological profile of the Fly Agaric has been largely overlooked. Unlike its tryptamine cousins the Fly Agaric’s active compound, muscimol, acts on the brain’s GABAergic system, and studies have shown a potential role for this compound in treating pain, inflammation, anxiety, cognitive decline and cancer. This mushroom has been used therapeutically for hundreds of years in Siberia, Russia, and Eastern and Northern Europe, and perhaps North America as well. This presentation will address traditional uses of the Fly Agaric, potential modern applications, as well as the unique pharmacology of this distinctive mushroom.

Beginner | Ethnomycology, Medicinal Fungi

Hunting spalting fungi is very different than hunting edibles. Strap on your machete and learn to find the hidden, color fungi of the forest. Participants will go on a foray to find non-fruiting fungi that leave bright swaths of color in the wood. Along the way they will learn about the ancient art for of spalted wood, and how the small bits of pigment they find in the forest can be used for everything from fabric dyes to solar panels.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Art, Ethnomycology, Identification

Join Courtney to harness the power of the forest and infuse the scents and medicinal healing properties into a potent and mesmerizing herbal salve. Together we will learn about the gifts of the bees, tree resins, lichen, and fungi and how to infuse these natural compounds into a beautifully scented perfume and medicinal salve.

Beginner | Medicinal Fungi

International interest in the psychoactive Amanita muscaria mushroom has grown rapidly over the last decade. Once considered highly poisonous in most of the world, views on its toxicity have recently softened. New methods for preparing the mushroom have made its psychoactive properties more accessible while also diminishing its more unpleasant qualities. One result of these developments has been the appearance of nascent ritual practices and ceremonial circles involving the consumption of this mushroom. This presentation describes the growing contemporary interest in use of A. muscaria in both ceremonial and therapeutic settings and situates the emergence of these practices within broader historical and mythological contexts.

Beginner | Ethnomycology, Medicinal Fungi

Join instructor Jasmine Zenderland as we explore the world of medicinal mushrooms through the lens of traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. With expertise in global herbal traditions, fungal biology, and ethnomycology, Jasmine integrates perspectives from different cultural systems and healing traditions to give an overview of medicinal mushroom use worldwide. This class will focus on providing practical information about using medicinal mushrooms, and exploring the wider cultural context from which these practices arose.

In this workshop, we will delve into global perspectives on the use of medicinal fungi for health, including the practices of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda - the traditional medicine of India, and Western herbal traditions. These traditions all utilize an “energetic” perspective, seeking to describe the qualities of plants and fungi based on how they taste, feel, and interact with the body. Energetic systems typically draw on the elements (for example, fire, air, water, and earth) to describe the actions of herbs in the body. Using these energetic cues, we can individualize herbal systems by creating balance in the body and developing herbal strategies that are personalized to a person’s own energetic constitution. Through the exploration of these energetic underpinnings within the main herbal traditions worldwide, we can gain insight into cultural perspectives on human health, systems of medicine, and fungal organisms. This workshop seeks to teach the participants how to understand the energetics of medicinal mushrooms and choose those that are appropriate for their own constitution.

We will also explore findings from ethnomycology and ethnopharmacology, incorporating scientific and anthropological perspectives. We will discuss pharmacologically active compounds present in mushrooms and review ethnomycological knowledge about mushroom use that has been documented from various cultures.

Overall, this class will provide a foundation in energetic perspectives on medicinal mushroom use, fungal materia medica, and traditional preparations of medicinal mushrooms to promote health and manage health conditions and specific illnesses.

Beginner | Ethnomycology, Medicinal Fungi

Participants will learn to grow mushrooms using locally grown gourds as a container. A plastic-free alternative to conventional containers that leaves behind compost.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Cultivation, Food, Medicinal Fungi

Many medicinal mushroom products contain excessive starch...we will discuss aspects of product quality based on what is generally available in the marketplace. This is an on-going and controversial area of discussion in our industry today.

Dr. Hobbs will present a detailed discussion based on what top companies are saying about their products based on live conferences this year. Testing and evaluating products you buy can be important to insure effectiveness.

We will also discuss how to grow or otherwise obtain organic high-quality fruiting bodies and in some cases mycelium for making your own products. We will discuss dual-extraction, tincturing, and making your own tea powders at home.

Intermediate | Medicinal Fungi

What does it mean to bring mycology into our lives? Bring your thoughts and questions to this panel with several presenters.

Beginner | Ethnomycology

Generally when we learn about fungi through traditional academic lenses we most often learn about their place as a pest or disease vector, especially when it comes to the field of agriculture. Farmers practicing modern Ag methodology have battled endlessly against molds, rusts, scab, etc with an ever expanding arsenal of chemicals and physical deterrents often completely overlooking the awe inspiring wonders of beneficial saprophytic, mycorrhizal , and endophytic fungi. When we make the conscious decision to ally ourselves with the fungal world not only will we expand upon the abundance, productivity, and health of our Ag systems but we will begin to undo the damage that hundreds of years of “conquest farming” has brought upon our ecology. From small scale homesteading to large scale farming and ranching, let’s explore the pathways to systematic fungal integration as we recompose and catalyze the understandings of the past.

Intermediate (Interactive / Hands-On) | Biology, Cultivation, Ecology, Food, Medicinal Fungi, Soil

I'd like to start out with what are Cordyceps, and how the became of interest, known benefits, and the future of Cordyceps production on the states. Next we will discuss media/substrate and how to fortify for optimal production and potency. We will then go through sterilization techniques and inoculation procedure. Then we talk about steps to insure proper colonization including the 4 main factors (light, temp, humidity and co2). Lastly, we will talk about harvest, storage and uses including drying, teas, tincture, and culinary uses. This will conclude with a general recap of what was discussed. Culture will be available for those who want to try.

Beginner | Cultivation, Medicinal Fungi

In this workshop, you'll learn about the different methods of hybridizing fungi in the lab. This includes in-depth descriptions, methods, and tips & tricks.

Intermediate | Cultivation, Ecology

Learn the essential terms and techniques for looking at tiny fungal features up close, whether with a smart phone or compound microscope. After covering concepts and materials, participants will practice techniques for sectioning and describing microscopic features of Basidiomycetes.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Biology, Identification

Learn some of the myriad of exciting ways to use and transform fungi into such exciting creations as Mushroom Jerky, Balms, Salves, Unguents and Pickles using herbal medicine and culinary techniques such as maceration, fermentation, dehydration and more. There will be samples and tasters to share, along with a couple of recipes.

Intermediate | Food, Identification

Discover the hidden world of Kaua'i's fungi with the Kaua'i Fungal Biodiversity Survey, hosted by the Biodiversity Collective. Join founder Graham Steinruck as he unveils the project's background, research methods, and DNA results, accompanied by captivating photos of intriguing fungi discovered during the study. With 83% of Hawai'ian fungi considered endemic, this presentation emphasizes the significance of their ongoing research efforts. Discover the fungal biodiversity of Kaua'i and learn how projects like this are vital for understanding and safeguarding these fascinating fungi.

Beginner | Ecology, Identification

Movement practice is straightforward and I believe a great way to balance and integrate the cerebral, information intensive aspects of the convergence. Same is true for sound, could be a nice interlude between sessions or in the evening before nighttime festivities begin.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Embodiment

Permaculture is a design system science that reflects indigenous wisdom and natural law. Lindsay will describe the basics of what permaculture is and cover the ethics and principles of Permaculture. One can start to apply these ethics and principles to how they live their lives. The Marco reflects the Micro and as we discover the various personalities and attributes of fungi from the Queendom, we can see how human behavioral patterns can relate to different types of mycology and microbiology as well.

How to human in today’s world? As our paradigms are rapidly shifting people are looking for new ways of relating to each other and the world around. As of late there has been an increase of attention towards getting back to the land, leading a simpler life and reconnecting with our food and environments. Businesses are looking to new ways to collaborate over compete to re-design the new world. The queendom can lead us to different design systems as we look for new solutions. Let’s look to the fungi for answers and possibilities on how to design new systems for human interaction and collaboration. Let’s catalyse a shift in the way we operate between each other and the natural world.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology

Medicinal mushrooms must be properly processed to access their medicinal virtues. In this class we will look at various different methods to extract medicinal mushrooms from more rudimentary approaches to slightly more advanced methods. We will be doing hands-on demonstrations of folk methods of preparations and teaching about different ways to create potent potions for you, your friends, and family. Things we will be exploring in this class:

•  Teas
• 1:1 Extracts
• Tinctures
• Concentrates
• Salves
• Functional Foods

We will also discuss some of the medicinal applications of some of the mushrooms we work with during the class. This workshop is a hands-on medicine-making workshop! Join us in trying out some different extraction methods and trying some of the results.

Beginner | Medicinal Fungi

We will cover harvesting techniques, such as how to pick certain mushrooms including etiquette for what to pick and what to leave. We will cover field processing techniques to keep unnecessary messes at bay from our harvest bags and kitchen. we will also discuss the many ways to prepare and cook different species of mushroom, as well as cover some preservation techniques like pressure canning, dehydration and tincture/extracts such as double extraction method.

Beginner | Food, Identification

Share with others about what you wish to recompose in your life moving out of Rad Myco 7.

Beginner | Embodiment, Medicinal Fungi

During our workshop, we intend to use dance and song to create a physiological connection to the myco-relationship that we all have with fungi. We will share some of our findings at the end of a 3-year post-fire mycoremediation experiment across 5 recent burn sites from Southern California to Southern Oregon. We intend to recompose our ideas about myco-relationships, post-fire, and catalyze fire-prone communities into action by using our web-based tool to support a greater understanding of fire in unique bioregions, and action that can be taken to support myco-restoration post-fire. We will be using movement and sound to carry the myco-message into our cells and deepen our awareness of this science and our inherit interconnectedness with all things myco.

Intermediate (Interactive / Hands-On) | Ethnomycology, Embodiment, Mycoremediation, Soil

Bring your questions to this wide-ranging panel with several presenters from the weekend.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology

Log cultivation is a widely practiced method for growing wood-decay fungi globally. Instead of discussing familiar techniques, I will focus on the commercial log cultivation practices in Japan and its future.

Beginner | Cultivation, Ecology, Ethnomycology

This workshop will go through some basic yoga fundamentals like Breath work and beginner yoga poses while incorporating some mushroom lingo and inspired movements. The class will be built like a traditional Hatha yoga class (the daily practice) then finishing with a short savasana (5-10 minute resting pose) to integrate all the hard work we put into our breath and movement.

Beginner (Interactive / Hands-On) | Embodiment

Spalting, the process by which a select group of wood decay fungi leave behind bright colors in wood, has been used in art since the 1400s. Over time the use of these bright pinks, greens, yellows, and blacks have found their way into modern science. Take a 600 year journey through the intersection between fungal art and fungal science and learn about how different cultures have perceived spalting throughout time.

Beginner | Applied Mycology, Art

Adding mushrooms to the diet can provide surprising benefits due to their rich content of prebiotic fiber. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial bacteria in the gut, supporting overall gut health and providing other important benefits. Mushrooms such as shiitake, turkey tail, and reishi are particularly notable for their prebiotic properties.

The immune system benefits from a healthy gut microbiome stimulated by mushroom-derived prebiotics. A balanced microbiome helps regulate immune responses and reduces inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of various diseases. Moreover, the gut-brain axis connects the gut microbiome to mental health and cognition. Mushrooms' prebiotic fiber supports this connection by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which produce neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in regulating mood, stress response, and cognitive function. Species diversity in mushrooms is important because different species offer unique prebiotic profiles, enhancing the diversity of the gut microbiome. A diverse microbiome is associated with better overall health outcomes, including improved digestion, strengthened immunity, and potentially enhanced mood and cognitive function.

Intermediate | Medicinal Fungi

Learn about the EZ (or fourth) phase of water and its wide-ranging implications for understanding mycelium growth, ecosystem functioning, and more.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology

Red Belted Conk was among the first mushrooms I started experimenting with when I discovered their medicinal virtues and explored extraction techniques, as well as how to work with them for my own health and the health of those around me. They grow abundantly and were prevalent in my own awareness, and when I started working with them, there was very little available in terms of medicinal literature.

Looking at the way they grew, how abundant they were, and how fascinating they were to extract sent me down the path of exploring some of our other conk mushrooms, some common in our area, and some less so. In this workshop we will be taking a look at some of my favorite conk mushrooms and talk about their medicinal applications, preparations, traditional uses, and other insights I have picked up in over ten years of exploring medicinal mushrooms.

We will span the breadth of traditional usage and scientific understanding of a few of these conks, and delve deeper into anecdotal stories, practical application, and clinical herbal approaches to working with these amazing medicinal mushrooms.

Intermediate | Medicinal Fungi

With each new revelation in mycological research, fungi continue to prove that they are much more than they appear. In this talk, Peter will discuss a range of the unusual and unique features of fungi, many of which we have yet to be fully understand – if not largely ignored – due to their complexity. Take a journey to the outer hyphae of mycology to learn what you’ve been missing.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology, Ethnomycology

The workshop will be organized to talk about the challenges that face linear agricultural practices, those challenges include the take, make, waste linear approach to agriculture and how we learn from fungi, a powerful agent found in nature to solve these challenges and bring life to the olive sector which is currently suffering from several bad agricultural practices, the workshop will include best practices to waste management in the olive sector in addition to best practices in olive farming including: soil management, Infiltration, run-off, erosion, evapotranspiration, organic matter, pruning, cup density, cup volume, wood weight, plagues, diseases, nutrition, and irrigation.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology, Mycoremediation, Soil

The state of world wide soil health is in an extremely sad place currently. It is estimated that we only have about 45 years left of top soil before we will be stuck growing in labs and indoor environments. Sterile and potentially lacking in essential micro and macro nutrients without rigorous scientific testing and procedure. A lot can be said about the evolution of our species, but one thing seems certain, we have been building soil as the keystone of our work as stewards of the land for thousands of years.

We stand at the precipice of a revolution in the understanding of how bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, microathropods and all the other components of a healthy soil ecology shape our lives, the health of our plants, and the health of our bodies and communities. Come with me on a journey to move the unseen into the light as we utilize bright field microscopy to examine the microbial communities we stand upon.

Intermediate | Biology, Ecology

Certain wood decay fungi have been used to color wood for centuries. Explore the effects these fungi have on wood in the most aggressive way possible - with a wood lathe! Participants will get to select from a range of beautifully spalted wood, and each will get a 'turn' to make a small wooden mushroom on a wood lathe. The workshop will discuss how fungi digest wood and how the bright colors of spalting are produced.

Intermediate | Art

The North American Fungal Diversity Survey's mission is to fully study and document the fungal life of North America. Passionate citizen scientists are involved in collecting, DNA sequencing, validating sequences, and exploring unique and niche habitats within environments that contain undescribed species to science. Many species of fungi in North America are currently not known to science, and many species are grouped under the same names as European species that share similar morphologies. However, when looked at through the lens of DNA and Genome sequencing, these mushrooms reveal themselves to be unique to their habitat, having evolved in their own niche in the habitat, and causing an effect on all other organisms around them, just like us. The biodiversity of this continent is worth preserving and protecting, but first, we have to try our best to understand it. Understanding the continent's fungal makeup also aids in protecting unique habitats that might previously be developed or destroyed through logging, agriculture, housing development, etc. Climate change also presents itself in the odd but described species that often occur at strange times of the year and in strange places, when and where most mushroom hunters wouldn't think to go. Join us on an adventure exploring the unique fungi being discovered right now by some of the most passionate and skilled citizen mycologists in the field.

Beginner | Biology, Ecology, Ethnomycology, Identification